The Pantheon of Illustrious Men of Madrid is a neo-Byzantine style building designed by the architect Fernando Arbós y Tremanti. It is located in the Pacífico neighbourhood, between calle Julián Gayarre, where it has its entrance, and Paseo de la Reina Cristina, next to the Basílica de Nuestra Señora de Atocha.

In 1891, construction began on the project, of which only the pantheon and the bell tower were to be built. The pantheon was erected between 1892 and 1899, the work being completed in the latter year due to the high cost. The pantheon is square in plan, with three galleries with arcades and stained-glass windows and two hemispherical domes at the corners. There is a pediment over the entrance door. Inside, there is a small garden where the joint mausoleum is located. The galleries each have a central doorway through which the garden can be accessed. The whole complex is surrounded by an iron gate.

In 1901 the remains of Palafox, Castaños, Concha, Prim and Ríos Rosas were transferred there. The remains of Palafox were transferred in 1958 to the Basílica del Pilar in Zaragoza and those of Castaños to the Parish Church of La Encarnación in Bailén in 1963.

In later years, the remains of the politicians Francisco Martínez de la Rosa, Diego Muñoz-Torrero, Juan Álvarez Mendizábal, José María Calatrava, Salustiano Olózaga, Agustín Argüelles, Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, Práxedes Mateo Sagasta, Eduardo Dato and José Canalejas were buried at the new site.

In 1924, without following Arbós's original project, the construction of the new church of the Dominicans began, for which King Alfonso XIII ceded the necessary land, entrusting the community with the care of the bell tower and the pantheon, which today belong to Patrimonio Nacional. Between the 1930s and the end of the 1980s, the pantheon was abandoned. In 1970, the Nuestra Señora de Atocha school was built on the land between the two elements, leaving the bell tower isolated and no longer accessible.

In the late 1980s, Patrimonio Nacional restored the pantheon and opened it to the public, and in 2003 the interior mosaics were restored. The architects Álvaro Siza and Juan Miguel Hernández de León, as part of their Trajineros plan for the remodelling of the Prado-Recoletos axis, which has not yet begun, proposed demolishing the school to make the pantheon more visible.

The pantheon houses funerary monuments such as those of José Canalejas, Manuel Gutiérrez de la Concha, Práxedes Mateo Sagasta, Eduardo Dato, Antonio de los Ríos Rosas and Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, among others. It also houses a joint mausoleum, known as the "Monument to Liberty".