The church of San Esteban is a Catholic temple, no longer in worship, located in the neighbourhood of the same name in the city of Burgos. A notable Gothic construction, built essentially between the end of the 13th and the beginning of the 14th century, it now houses the Museo del Retablo (Altarpiece Museum).

The church, located on the eastern slope of the Castle Hill, at the confluence of the streets of San Esteban, Valentín Palencia and Pozo Seco, and giving its name to the neighbourhood, began to be built in the last quarter of the 13th century, under the reign of Alfonso X the Wise, continuing its construction during the first decades of the following century. Like the nearby Cathedral, which was built at the same time, it replaced an older Romanesque temple, which was one of the eleven churches in Burgos mentioned by Pope Alexander III in a bull of 1163.

The proximity of the castle was sometimes detrimental to the building of San Esteban, as happened in the years 1475-1476, when the siege of the fortress during the War of the Castilian Succession caused damage that made it necessary to rebuild the rose window in 1479 and to repair the tower and pillars in 1485, work that lasted well into the 16th century. The work of the masters Simón de Colonia, Nicolás de Vergara, Juan de Castañeda, or Juan de Vergara, and Domingo de Veytia dates from this century. The blowing up of the castle by the French in 1813 during the Napoleonic invasion again damaged parts of the façade and the tower.

The Church of San Esteban was declared a National Monument in 1931.

Since the church of San Esteban was converted into the Museum of the Altarpiece, the parish of San Esteban has its seat in the nearby church of San Nicolás de Bari.