The Mosque, or Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba, "Santa María Madre de Dios" or "Great Mosque of Cordoba", currently known as the Cathedral of the Assumption of Our Lady, in ecclesiastical form. In 2019 it exceeded two million visitors, being its historical record and making it one of the most visited monuments in Spain.

Construction began as a mosque in 784; until recently it was believed that after the appropriation by the Muslim conquerors of the Hispano-Roman basilica of San Vicente Mártir and the reuse of part of the materials, it was reserved for Muslim worship, but more recent archaeological studies dispute this hypothesis. The building underwent extensions during the Emirate of Córdoba and the Caliphate of Córdoba. At 23,400 square metres, it was the second largest mosque in the world in terms of surface area, after the Mecca Mosque, and was later surpassed by the Blue Mosque. The qibla wall was not oriented towards Mecca, but rather 51 degrees to the south; this was customary in the mosques of al-Andalus.

In 1238, after the Christian conquest of the city, it was consecrated as the cathedral of the diocese with the episcopal ordination of its first bishop, Lope de Fitero. The building houses the cathedral chapter of the Diocese of Cordoba, and as a Catholic temple and episcopal see, it is reserved for Catholic worship. In 1523, under the direction of the architects Hernán Ruiz, the Elder and his son, its Renaissance cruciform basilica was built in the Plateresque style.

Today the whole complex is the most important monument in Córdoba, and also of all Andalusian architecture, together with the Alhambra, as well as the most emblematic of Hispano-Muslim Umayyad art. Declared an Asset of Cultural Interest and World Heritage Site as part of the historic centre of the city, it was included by the public among the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007 and was awarded as the best site of tourist interest in Europe.